Another interesting case, another animated explainer

I recently wrote a chapter on DKA and really fell in love with the topic all over again. It reminded me of an interesting patient with a unique variant of DKA. First off, it was the patient’s initial presentation of diabetes. A rare, but not unheard of, presentation of DKA in adults.

But what was really remarkable was that the patient presented with a blood sugar of over 1500 mg/dL (>83.3 mmol/L). The lab kept refusing to result out the BMP due to the crazy sodium and the poor ER docs were going crazy. They suspected the diagnosis but they were holding back on the insulin drip until they could see the BMP. I wonder if the clinical scenario had not been so dire, would the lab have actually resulted out a specific glucose? How many dilutions does it take to calculate a blood glucose when you are operating at over 1500 mg/dL?

The sodium on arrival was 145 with the high glucose that converts to 167 using Katz’s conversion. But god knows if that equation even works way up there with a serum osmolality of 452!

Using a serum glucose of 1500 mg/dl gives an osmolar gap of 54, that sounds awfully big. A glucose of 2000 gives a more reasonable osmolar gap of 26.

Watch the video and you will see that the sodium creeps up bit by bit during the resuscitation. This is largely due to ongoing fluid losses (osmotic diuresis) and unmasking the hypernatremia with the correction of the hyperglycemia. We calculated a free water deficit when the sodium hit 170 and it was over 7 liters.

Here is the tweet

The video

The keynote slides: Hyperglycemia DKA Hypernatremia

How I made that short video about interpreting ABGs

Here are the tweets (I’m using WordPress’ ability to post a tweetstream, pretty cool)

We need to know if it is alkalosis or acidosis, so we ordered an ABG.

Thought I’d try my hand at a @HannahRAbrams style explanatory animation for the above ABG. Need to get it down under 2:20 to fit in a tweet.

And the last bit

Originally tweeted by Joel M. Topf, MD FACP (@kidney_boy) on October 7, 2020.

I made the video with Keynote, it is a single slide with a lot of animation. Here is the slide (all 750 kilobytes):

Creating the animation just takes patience. This slide has 44 steps to the animation. It is a mixture of build ins, actions, and build outs.

Once I had the animation perfect I used “Record Slideshow…” to record the animations and my narration, then exported the movie using “Export To Movie…”

Ascension St John Nephrology Fellowship closing argument

If you are a resident looking for a nephrology fellowship take a moment to consider St John. We are a small nephrology fellowship that values hand-crafted nephrology education. Ascension St John hospital is a 714 bed hospital that is literally on the border of Detroit and Grosse Pointe. Yes, that Grosse Pointe.

This provides us a steady stream of patients with diverse backgrounds. St John operates a busy ER with a healthy mix of trauma. We get people from the upper socioeconomic classes and their unique presentations and diseases. Importantly, especially for a community program, St John is big enough to offer all the services:

  • ECMO
  • CRRT
  • Plasma exchange
  • Red and white cell pheresis
  • Acute PD
  • Kidney transplant

We still do our own biopsies. We have our own interventional nephrology suite, where we place tunneled venous catheter, provide fistulagrams, and do access angioplasty for our hemodialysis patients.

But the most important part of our fellowship is that we are not a rough and tough, traditional, malignant program. We take a gentler, kinder approach to medical education. Over the last few years we have decoupled our reliance on fellows to do the work of nephrology. It wasn’t trivial and it required buy in from the entire staff but we realize that treating fellows as worker mules was not good for their education. This uncoupling means fellows will be busy, experience requires being busy, but we don’t let our fellows get overwhelmed by the work. Our program takes fellows by the hand and guide them through a bespoke education track to provide them with a top notch nephrology education. Regardless of how unsteady or unsure you are about your kidney knowledge, we will turn you into a first rate nephrologist. That’s our promise.

So if you have finished your interviews but still haven’t found the program that feels like home, check us out.

DDAVP Clamp

Bibliography:

Perianayagam, A. et al. (2008) ‘DDAVP is effective in preventing and reversing inadvertent overcorrection of hyponatremia’, Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology: CJASN, 3(2), pp. 331–336. https://cjasn.asnjournals.org/content/3/2/331

Gharaibeh, K. A. et al. (2015) ‘Risk factors, complication and measures to prevent or reverse catastrophic sodium overcorrection in chronic hyponatremia’, The American journal of the medical sciences, 349(2), pp. 170–175.

The initial infusion rate (mL/hr) of 3% saline can also be simply calculated as a product of patients’ weight (kg) and desired correction rate (mEq/L/hr)

Sood, L. et al. (2013) ‘Hypertonic saline and desmopressin: a simple strategy for safe correction of severe hyponatremia’, American journal of kidney diseases: the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation, 61(4), pp. 571–578. https://www.ajkd.org/article/S0272-6386(12)01471-0/fulltext

Rafat, C. et al. (2014) ‘Use of desmopressin acetate in severe hyponatremia in the intensive care unit’, Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology: CJASN, 9(2), pp. 229–237. https://cjasn.asnjournals.org/content/9/2/229

Adrogué, H. J. and Madias, N. E. (2000) ‘Hyponatremia’, The New England journal of medicine, 342(21), pp. 1581–1589. https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJM200005253422107

Mohmand, H. K. et al. (2007) ‘Hypertonic saline for hyponatremia: risk of inadvertent overcorrection’, Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology: CJASN, 2(6), pp. 1110–1117. https://cjasn.asnjournals.org/content/2/6/1110

Morris, J. H. et al. (2018) ‘Rapidity of Correction of Hyponatremia Due to Syndrome of Inappropriate Secretion of Antidiuretic Hormone Following Tolvaptan’, American journal of kidney diseases: the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation, 71(6), pp. 772–782. https://www.ajkd.org/article/S0272-6386(18)30004-0/fulltext

Covid Diaries 5: “Hello, my name is Joel Topf and I’m going to be your doctor here…”

One of the most distressing things I am seeing is conspiracy-minded conservatives in the US doubting the mortality numbers from the COVID pandemic. I really get upset as these people try to gas light the nation and convince people that COVID wasn’t that bad. And that people are just inflating the numbers for political gain.

I round at a number of dialysis units. At one unit, I cover the first shift. First shifts are popular. Lots of people want to do their dialysis first thing in the morning and have the rest of their day to themselves. I have 20 odd patients on that shift and every couple of months I’ll get a new patient when a chair opens up. This happens when a patient moves, transfers to another unit, gets transplanted, or unfortunately, passes away. Openings on the first shift are rare and they don’t stay open for long.

I distinctly remember going to round at this unit in late May and almost immediately seeing a new face. So I started my routine, new dialysis patient, spiel, “Hello, my name is Joel Topf and I’m going to be your doctor here…”

And then a few chairs down, I saw another new face, “Hello, my name is Joel Topf and I’m going to be your doctor here…”

And then a bit later, “Hello, my name is Joel Topf and I’m going to be your doctor here…”

And once again, “Hello, my name is Joel Topf and I’m going to be your doctor here…”

I met as many new patients on that one day as I typically get on that shift in a whole year. Each of those new faces represented a patient lost to COVID.

We are not lying about the disease.

We are not exaggerating the dead for political gain.

We are counting them and we can barely keep up.

COVID Diaries 4: when we got sick

I lost momentum on the COVID diaries, but today as some people are gas lighting the severity of the COVID-19 pandemic I want to finally publish a couple of posts that I started but never published.

As COVID-19 was raging through Italy one of the storylines that made it back to our shores was the number of docs that were getting sick. The number of doctors who were dying. A scary thought entered my head, in the form of a Twitter poll (it is strange how many of my thoughts are arraigned as tweets)

How many doctors at your hospital will die before you start thinking about heading for the hills?

A. Zero. I’m thinking about bugging out now

B. 4

C. 18

D. Infinity. I ain’t no coward.

I asked the question in a group chat but never on open twitter as it felt too inflammatory. My feeling was that it was less the number and more who got sick. The closer you were to the poor doc on the vent in the ICU the more terrifying it would be. Thankfully Ascension St John didn’t lose any doctors, nurses, or employees. But we did have people get sick. A lot of them.

Early in the epidemic we had an outbreak in the cardiology department. At least 8 of the cardiologists got sick and two of them were hospitalized. I don’t know how the ‘Rona spread through their department, but that gave a sense of how fast the disease could spread without precautions.

The housestaff (residents and interns) were also hit hard. Fully twenty-five percent of the internal medicine residents missed work because of COVID-19.

One in four

Thankfully none of them had to be hospitalized.

Probably another dozen doctors in the department of medicine got sick. A number of them were hospitalized, but no one died. Not because we were good, but because we were lucky.

My father is an oral surgeon and the program director of the oral surgery residency at St John and Beaumont Hospitals. His chief resident got COVID-19 and perished. I was on-call in a hospital full of Covid-19 patients when my dad called to tell me. It was startling and focused the mind. After that I found my self calling old friends just to say “hi.” Kind of getting my personal affairs in order, you know, just in case.

Looking back at the docs that got infected, it is noteworthy that the vast majority of infections were early in the epidemic. They were all in late March and early April. The time when we didn’t know what we were doing. I remember seeing videos on how to take off and safely store your mask between COVID patients.

Those halcion days when we thought we could label patients as COVID and NOT COVID. As soon as that lunacy went away and we just started wearing our mask all the time the infections among the staff melted away. It was a stark before and after experiment, but to my eyes masks worked.

Hyponatremia tweetorial

This is a basic approach to hyponatremia. (link if you would prefer to see the tweets on twitter)

1/ This is like the Bat Signal for me… #Tweetorial #Hyponatremia #LoudlyForThePeopleAtTheBackOfTheRoom

https://twitter.com/tonlajr/status/1304011343226437637
Batman Michael Keaton GIF

2/ The first question in hyponatremia is…

👏Is👏the👏patient👏seizing?👏

If you have a patient with cerebral edema from acute hyponatremia you need to 3% Saline first and ask questions later.

Matthew Smith Doctor Who GIF

3/ If patients have hyponatremia and have severe symptoms it is 150 ml of 3% then recheck the sodium and give another 150 ml of 3% (I’m using the European guidelines)

https://eje.bioscientifica.com/view/journals/eje/170/3/G1.xml

3b/ Be careful with vomiting there 👆🏻

This means if the hyponatremia is causing the vomiting, then you have severe symptoms and it is 3% time. But if the vomiting is causing the hyponatremia, that doesn’t automatically indicate severe symptoms and you will need to dig deeper.

4/ The goal of acute mgmt is to raise the Na by 5 or stop the symptoms, which ever is quicker. If you have raised the Na by 5 and they are still seizing, then it is probably not the low Na causing the seizure and you need to 👀 deeper. Algorithm from

https://eje.bioscientifica.com/view/journals/eje/170/3/G1.xml

5/ But when @tonlajr asked about the approach to sodium he wanted to know abot dx, not acute mgmt so…onward to diagnosis!

Glory Roomba GIF

6/ I am goin to be walking you through this algorithm:

https://twitter.com/hashamsarwar/status/1304476073627914240?s=20

Step one check the serum osmolarity (and get a repeat sodium, just to make sure it wasn’t a lab error)

7/ Since we are looking at a low sodium we expect a low osmolarity (don’t worry about the difference between osmolality and osmolarity, anyone who is a stickler about that is being a dick)

If we don’t find a low osmolality something weird is going on:

7b/ Low sodium with a normal osmolarity: Lab error from too much protein (IVIG, multiple myeloma) or too much fat (High lipids or triglys) in the blood. This throws off some lab machines.

(Specifically but not point of care iStats or ABG laboratories)

7c/ Low sodium with a high osmolality: this is usually due to hyperglycemia (but can be seen with mannitol, glycine and other edge cases). The hyponatremia is real, but due to another osmotically active particle (glucose in most cases) the are no consequences to the hyponatremia

7/d It is not as simple as that (it never is).
Read this manuscript journal📖: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26002851/
or listen to this podcast🎧:

8/ So that leaves the true hyponatremia. Low sodium and low osmolarity. The branch point here is:

What is the urine osmolarity?

The urine osmolarity tells us if the kidney is causing the hyponatremia or just unable to correct the hyponatremia (despite the best intentions)

9/ The urine osmolarity is less than 100 (maybe up to 150 or 200 if the patient has CKD). This indicates a lack of ADH and a kidney that is doing its best to correct the hyponatremia. The problem is not the character of the urine but the amount. Right urine, not enough.

9b/ The differential for low sodium, low serum and urine osmolarity is short:

• Oliguric kidney failure
• Tea and Toast
• Beer Drinkers potomania
• Psychogenic polydipsia

* Recovering from volume depletion hyponatremia

9c/ In low Na, low serum and urine osmolarity the urine is getting rid of excess water but the kidney cannot make enough urine because:

• Kidney failure (low GFR)
• T & T / Beer drinkers (lack of solute)
• Psychogen polydipsia (you are drinking faster than you are peeing)

10 Low sodium, low serum osm, high urine osm. This is ADH dependant hyponatremia. The kidney, stimulated by ADH, is causing the hyponatremia by generating free water. Making more urine here, just makes the Na fall further.

10b/ ADH can be 𝗽𝗵𝘆𝘀𝗶𝗼𝗹𝗼𝗴𝗶𝗰 due to low volume or a perceived low volume state:

Low volume states: GI losses like diarrhea or vomiting; renal losses like diuretics

High volume/low perceived volume: heart failure, liver failure, nephrotic syndrome

10c/ ADH can be 𝗻𝗼𝗻-𝗽𝗵𝘆𝘀𝗶𝗼𝗹𝗼𝗴𝗶𝗰 (euvolemic):

Adrenal insufficiency
Hypothyroidism (probably doesn’t exist, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4470237/)
SIADH (it’s usually this)

10d/ To differentiate these you can try to use a physical exam to determine volume status but doctors suck at it.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3674097/

10e/ Instead (or in addition) Check urine sodium and serum uric acid:

Urine sodium low, uric acid high in hypovolemic and hypervolemic hyponatremia

Urine sodium high and uric acid low in euvolemic hyponatremia

Originally tweeted by Joel M. Topf, MD FACP (@kidney_boy) on September 12, 2020.

July 1st approaches, it’s new fellow season

I remember the first days of nephrology fellowship. It was exhilarating. It was terrifying. All through residency, when you came across a patient that had you stumped you could just call the consultant. Now I was the last line of defense. I was on the receiving end of that phone call and I did not feel up to the task. I remember those months as being among the most stressful of my career. I started carrying around a small bottle of Pesto-Bismol to fight the stress induced gastritis.

I felt like a drunk, walking out of the ICU to take little nips from “my little helper.” It’s a lot of self induced pressure to battle the imposter syndrome inherent in being a new fellow, especially one coming from an outside institution.

One of my first consults was a transplant patient. The patient had acute kidney injury (AKI) and hyponatremia. She had recently received IVIG and I was so excited that I figured out that her hyponatremia was due to pseudohyponatremia from the IVIG. (See

this letter to the NEJM). So it was particularly disheartening when the transplant surgeon was not impressed pseudohyponatremia diagnosis especially since I had not been able to make any heads or tails regarding the AKI. He made his displeasure quit clear. I felt pertty humbled going to my attending, Patrick Cunningham, but he said, “Let’s walk through the case” and quickly, and humanely, pointed out the possibility of osmotic nephrosis from the same IVIG I had already blamed for the hyponatremia.

Fellowship is hard. Be humble. Try hard. Read as much as you can. Ask for help. Every person we graduate is a competent nephrologist. You will be one too. Trust the system. Together we’ll get you there.

The COVID Diaries: the ones we lost

When it became apparent that COVID-19 would not just be a medical event that happened over there but was going to affect everything I started jotting some notes. They have remained in Drafts for over a month, but now I am going to start publishing these diary entries mostly just to document the strangest, most unexpected experiences of my medical career.

I have lost a lot of patients. We all have. A lot of them were people I never knew. Consults in the ICU with a patient intubated and sedated in kidney failure. You don’t get to know these patients. The ICU discouraged going into the room to examine the patient unless it was absolutely necessary both to protect us from infection, and to minimize consumption of personal protective equipment. There was no family at the bedside. No visitors in the waiting room. I have never had thinner connections to my patients. We worked hard to save them. Most of them died. I can only remember a few of them.

But there are patients I do remember.

The first patient that I Iost was a dialysis patient. She was an older lady that had been taking care of for a few years. I remember the last time I saw her. I was rounding in the dialysis unit and she was sitting in her chair, mask on, and I told her that I was seeing patients with COVID and that it was really bad. I told her not to believe Fox News telling people it was just like the flu. She nodded her head. She was in total agreement. he last thing she told me was to be careful. She lived in a nursing home. Nursing homes are COVID tinder boxes. A week later she was gone. 😥

Another dialysis patient was a young (my current definition for young is anyone born after 1969) man. He was a rabid Michigan fan. Every time I saw him he would be hot about the latest U of M athletics story. Satellite camps, Louisville forfeiting the championship over Michigan, trips to the Vatican, sleep overs in tree houses, Beilein leaving for the NBA, it didn’t matter how minor the issue he would get completely worked about it. I loved his passion. He was one of only a handful of my patients that still worked and he was an essential worker at a grocery store. And then one day…he stopped coming to dialysis. We sent the police to his house and he was gone. 😥

Not all of the hospital patients were so isolated. I remember an older gentleman who came in because he fell. He was tested in the ER because we are testing everybody. He tested positive. He had just a small oxygen requirement but he was otherwise nearly asymptomatic. I saw him the day after admission for some mild acute kidney injury. After my evaluation I asked him he needed anything and he asked if I could get him some grapes. One of the strangest asks I have received. I couldn’t. The next day he was moved to the ICU for intubation and a week later he was gone. 😥

I lost a few patients from my advanced CKD clinic. These are patients that I see every four weeks to fight for every milliliter of clearance as we try to hold off on dialysis. The mantra of that clinic comes from the first season of Game of Thrones, paraphrased.

What do we say to the God of Dialysis? Not today.

One that I lost was a patient I had been working with for years. I helped him lose weight after learning about weight loss medications on The Curbsiders. I think it was the first time I consciously changed my practice based on a podcast.

He used to come to clinic with his wife and sometimes with his school-aged kid. He was kind and gentle. A good guy taken too soon. 😥

Another long time patient was a woman who would come to clinic with her sister. I always saw them together. In my clinic. I the hospital. Always together. She had terrible heart disease and we were forever adjusting her anti-angina medications and diuretics. Sometimes winning, sometimes losing. She had tough disease but she was a fighter.

One of my favorite memories of her was she used to wear an iPod nano as a wrist watch for years before finally getting an Apple Watch. loved that look.

Another one taken too soon. 😥

Another patient was not a clinic patient, or a dialysis patient, but a patient with pretty bad CKD that our group knew from frequent admissions. He would repeatedly come in with decompensated CKD and we would nurse him back to health and not see him for a few months until he came in again. Then he came in with COVID-19. 😥

Then there was the man who was shot in the bely. We see too much of that in Detroit. He required all the resources of St John’s trauma center. He was going to make it. He was recovering , still sick, but recovering. Then COVID was everywhere. And he no longer was recovering. Nothing feels more like a failure than a lethal nosocomial infection. 😥

The transplant patient who came to the ER because they thought they had COVID. They didn’t. Sent home. Patient returns days later convinced they had COVID. They didn’t. Sent home. Returns a third time convinced they had COVID. This time they did. I don’t know where they got infected, but I think the ER waiting room was a possibility. Another lethal nosocomial infection. 😥

I already wrote about patients that we thought were wins but we ended up losing. Those hurt. 😥

Then there was another long-term patient of mine. Another one in the advanced CKD clinic. One we were fighting for every milliliter of clearance. Like Al Pacino in Any Given Sunday fighting for every inch.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_b7bgtu2O4E

That patient was admitted with a viral illness at the end of February. The swab was positive for influenza. We didn’t have much capacity to test for COVID-19 and the protocol said that a positive influenza test meant no test for COVID. But I wonder. I haven’t lost a patient to influenza for years. I know it happens, but I wonder if this patient was actually the first patient I lost to COVID-19. 😥

There have been others. Too many other. The numbers are still piling up. Just last week I lost six patients. Six patients. One week.

As the US death toll spirals past the total from Vietnam, I keep thinking about how my medschool roommate, Tim Lamb, described the Vietnam memorial

You start walking and there are just a few names and as you walk, step by step, the names pile up until you are surrounded by names. Drowning in death.