The reason I knew that nephrology is Greek goes back to the early days of the The Fluid and Electrolyte Companion. We were planning the book and Sarah Faubel and I wanted to have a lot of little icons for little interesting factoids for the book. Here is the key for what made the cut:
But in earlier versions we had a lot of other icons. And one of the ideas was to have an icon for medical Latin but quickly we found that most words we wanted to define were actually Greek. We created a Medical Greek Icon, but it didn’t really work so we ended up using the light bulb. Here is an example of Medical Greek as found in the Book.
This is what the unused medical Latin icon looked like:
The other problem are the names on this picture, everyone of them has the spelling squiglies under the names. Here the problem is that the screen shot was taken in editing mode The two solutions are to export the document to images or put the document in Show Mode and take the screen shot. Demo time:
NephMadness launched today for the fifth consecutive year. The fourth sequal to an original is a precarious place to be. Exhibit A: Fast and the Furious resorted to bringing in Dwayne Johnson. We looked into it and sadly, he was not available.
So it was with this ominous precedent that we began the journey to NephMadness. In our fifth year we were able to get 31 completely fresh concepts, with the only repeat being antiPLA2r which showed up in the inaugural NephMadness in 2013.
The regions have a few more repeats as we revisited Dialysis, Nutrition, Genetics and Biomedical Research. The theme for the year is Old versus New. More on that in an upcoming editorial (just one of a number of posts that didn’t quite get finished for the launch).
If you are not familiar with NephMadness, these two videos maybe helpful.
I was invited to talk to the Internal Medicine Interest Group at Wayne State Medical School. Here was the deck I used, but to be honest it was mostly a discussion. Much more two way communication and less top down.
Many people say information is power. I don’t believe that. Information sharing is power. People are more than willing to share information not because they are being paid but because they get a feeling of satisfaction that somebody else found their information useful. — Vint Cerf, Chief Internet Evangelist, Google, Inventor of TCP/IP
In this quote, Cerf was describing the value of sharing in order to explain the phenomenal success of social media sites like Facebook and Twitter, but I found that it explained much of my own Internet behavior. I think the principle is so useful: People should optimize their online creative output in order to make the content more useful for others.
Facebook has a billion people on a single network. This is unprecedented in human history, and the incentive to be part of this network comes from friends, relatives, and acquaintances volunteering information to be shared. Everything people add is effectively controlled by a third, profit-motivated, party. One would think this would paralyze sharing, yet 293,000statuses are updated and 136,000 photos are uploaded every minute. The biggest mystery surrounding Facebook is why so many donate their time, energy, and privacy to this endeavor. The reason is not magnanimous generosity, but rather that these hundreds of millions of people are getting satisfaction from sharing.
I am a teacher and blogger. I teach nephrology to medical students, residents, fellows, and an occasional attending physician. I share all of my teaching materials on my blog. When I share these materials, I share them in a way that makes them most useful for the reader. Handouts should not be limited to PDFs but should be available in their native, editable, word processing files. How is this more useful? If you are a student and want to get my lesson, grabbing the more versatile and lighter-weight PDF makes sense; however, if you are a teacher and want to adapt a figure, or a small segment of the handout, having access to the native files is critical. The greatest satisfaction I get as a networked teacher is when I get an e-mail or tweet from a colleague thanking me for making a handout or presentation.
What was so enlightening about the explanation from Cerf was seeing that sharing is not strictly generosity but is powered by self-interest: By increasing usefulness of the resource, I get more satisfaction.
PowerPoint presentations can be distributed multiple ways over the Internet: Presentations can be exported as PDFs, SlideShare presentations, PowerPoint shows, or as native .ppt or .pptx files. Some of those formats are Read Only: PDFs, SlideShare presentations, PowerPoint shows, in that they cannot be edited or remixed by the user. Native .ppt and .pptx files are Read/Write formats that allow the user to see the presentation and freely edit, copy, and reuse parts of it.
The NYU Division of Nephrology has weekly renal grand rounds done by the fellows. In the spirit of Internet sharing, they post every presentation on the division’s website. Every presentation is available only as a PDF. This form of sharing is strictly Read Only; providing the information solely as a PDF limits users from remixing your content. Posting a presentation as a PDF says to users:
“You can use my material, but only if you use all my information. The way I teach this subject is the only way to teach this subject and my information is eternal and infallible.”
However, the Internet is inherently a Read/Write culture. The optimal way to post those presentations is as native PowerPoint files (or Google Docs Presentations or Apple Keynotepresentations) so future fellows can leverage previous work, adding new data, correcting mistakes, and reworking the old into the new. Make the materials you provide online flexible to make them more useful, because the source of your satisfaction is usefulness to others.
Medicine and medical education need to abandon the Read Only assumptions about teaching materials and embrace a Read/Write culture: Students can become participants in their own education, and authors of a personalized textbook. This is how I post presentations on my web site:
I first have a picture of one of the slides; this helps me fly through the growing list to find a specific presentation.
Then I have the title and links to the native format and the PDF. The PDF is useful for people who are looking for the Read Only experience and for people without the software needed to read the native file. It is important to provide both.
After that, I have a few bullet points about the scope of the presentation: when it was last updated, weaknesses that need to be fixed. In this case, it has links to a supplementary handout, again as both native file and PDF. Other useful metadata includes how long the presentation is, and the size of the files.
One of the foundations of academic tradition is the ethic to attribute everything. I have seen professors seethe in national meetings as their slides or figures are used without attribution. I want to stress that providing easy ways for people to adapt and remix material in no way relieves them of the ethical obligation of attribution. In fact, attribution is another way to increase the usefulness of the work. Credibility is a primary ingredient in the usefulness of medical material, so a thorough chain of references is seen in the best medical adaptations of source material.
Putting up electronic locks in hope of dissuading people from using material without attribution is a failed strategy. It punishes the lawful without stopping the ruthless. And — importantly — if your effort to lock down your materials means that it is less useful to your audience, you get less satisfaction from sharing.
The currency of social media is sharing. If you want to build an audience and add value to whichever social media realm you occupy, you need to provide content that others can share.
If you create content, you want that content to be in the form that is most shareable. We live in a remix culture. People see content and they want to take it, change it, make it their own, and reshare it. Operating in the social media realm of medical education requires doctors to adapt to the customs of the realm and that means disposing the handcuffs of academic ownership and embracing the reason we are all educators: the dissemination of knowledge.
This post was originally published at Wing of Zock
I’m going to Mount Everest Basecamp next year to help raise money and awareness for multiple myeloma. Basecamp is at 18,500 feet. In honor of that altitude, here is a review of all the times I have blogged about acetazolamide.
This seemed a stretch that this poster was stigmatizing people with diabetes.
This Storify has the entire twitter exchange that follows.
I am gong to highlight a few of the tweets from that exchange here.
One of the first criticisms leveled was that the poster did not distinguish between type 1 and type 2 diabetes. This is important because the advice they were tracking and grading were all techniques to prevent type 2 diabetes: healthy weight, diet and physical activity.
This is a constant tension in building infographics, “How do you balance precision and clarity?” Not specifying type 2 diabetes makes the poster less precise but since type 2 diabetes represents 96% of diabetes in the US (not sure the Canadian data) I agree with the decision to simplify the poster. Type 1 diabetes is small potatoes compared to the public health nightmare of type 2 diabetes. Additionally, because of the potential for diabetes to grow like an epidemic and because we have tools to curtail this epidemic it becomes a good target for public health messaging in a way that type one diabetes does not lend itself.
There was then the argument that the therapy is not that effective and that people who follow this advice often still end up with diabetes:
The problem here is that since people have some agency in their disease, others will blame them for getting diabetes. The patients will be shamed because they didn’t act strongly enough to avoid the disease. By publicizing ways to avoid diabetes you are setting up people with diabetes to be blamed for their condition.
How effective are the items in the poster at preventing diabetes. They are about as effective as any therapy we have in medicine. DPP is the best program to prevent diabetes. See this RCT. What was the interventin in DPP?
The goals for the participants assigned to the intensive lifestyle intervention were to achieve and maintain a weight reduction of at least 7 percent of initial body weight through a healthy low-calorie, low-fat diet and to engage in physical activity of moderate intensity, such as brisk walking, for at least 150 minutes per week. A 16-lesson curriculum covering diet, exercise, and behavior modification was designed to help the participants achieve these goals.
All three items that are being tracked in the infographic.
So what do you get for that intervention? The DPP trial showed
58% reduction in the incidence of diabetes compared to placebo.
39% reduction in the incidence of diabetes compared to metformin.
That compares pretty favorably to the total population of people with type 1 diabetes: 1.2 million.
The problem with arguing the fact that some people progress to disease despite therapy to prevent it is that none of our medications are 100% effective. If I advise patients to take their ARB because it will help their diabetes and then they develop ESRD anyways, did I invite ridicule on them because I gave them an effective therapy? Will people not provide comfort because if they had just tried harder with their ARB they would not have developed ESRD? I hope not. And that concern should not stop me from making it well known that there is an effective drug for diabetic nephropathy, it is also important to remember the treatment effect in IDNT and RENAAL were pretty modest.
Losartan reduced ESRD by 28%, but a quarter of the treated patients still ended up on dialysis by 4 years.
Irbesartan had a similar treatment effect and a similar proportion of patients end up on dialysis despite therapy.
We should not blame people for the diseases they develop but we should not use the fear of that blame to avoid measuring, publicizing, or developing public health initiatives, because it looks like it maybe working.
I gave Dr. Witteman an early version of this blog post and an opportunity to respond.
Thanks for the opportunity to respond to your post. I would like to note the following five points.
Type 1 diabetes in Canada is estimated to represent about 9% of all cases of diabetes. That’s more than twice your US estimate. Even if it’s still a relatively small percentage, given the prevalence of all types of diabetes, that’s a lot of people. I am one of those people, so this is personally relevant to me.
I think it’s important to note that CIHI is not, strictly speaking, a public health agency. Their role in Canada is more or less to collect, collate and report data on health system quality and population health. The infographic is not intended to motivate individuals. However, when they tweet it out as they did, they’re deliberately seeking a public audience.
There is some evidence that blame & shame methods can be not only ineffective as health behaviour change mechanisms, they may be counterproductive. In other words, they may make health-related behaviours worse, not better.
A Canadian survey in 2011 conducted on behalf of the Canadian Diabetes Association revealed that 37% of people would hesitate to tell others they have type 2 diabetes. Stigma around diabetes, particularly type 2 diabetes, is a very real issue in Canada.
The most concerning cases of type 2 diabetes in Canada occur among people in marginalized populations (Indigenous peoples, immigrants from specific populations known to be at higher risk of type 2 diabetes, people living in poverty, etc.) Promoting the idea that diabetes is completely their own fault may reduce public support for interventions that can help prevent diabetes in these communities, including programs that promote healthy eating and physical activity. Maintaining or increasing public support for such programs is an important consideration in a publicly-funded health system such as we have in Canada.
Thank you for reaching out and offering me the opportunity to engage with you on this issue. As noted in my original 13 tweets, I strongly agree with encouraging healthy eating and physical activity. I also agree with preventing type 2 diabetes and reducing the burden that diabetes can place on people. The problem is that infographics like this typically don’t move the needle, and they can even be counterproductive and harmful.
The SPRINT trial was a home run. The study showed compelling data that lowering blood pressure dramatically below what we were previously targeting was both well tolerated and yielded huge benefits to patients.
Now there are some questions to the method of blood pressure assessment and how this can be compared to previous blood pressure trials, but I believe that the BP assessment used in SPRINT is more reproducible in offices than the standardized BP typically used in trials that no one howls about (you mean your MA does not follow a 12 step checklist when checking patients in?).
One of the important corollaries that I emphasize when I teach SPRINT is that the study enrolled a very specific patient and we don’t know just how generalizable these findings are:
50 years of age
Systolic blood pressure of 130 to 180 mm Hg
Increased risk of cardiovascular events defined by one or more of the following:
Clinical or subclinical cardiovascular disease other than stroke
Chronic kidney disease, excluding polycystic kidney disease, with eGFR of 20 to 60
10-year risk of cardiovascular disease of 15% or greater on the basis of the Framing- ham risk score
Age of 75 years or older
Patients with diabetes mellitus or prior stroke were excluded
After you accept the all of these concerns and limitations you are left with a study that reduced the risk of death by 27%. NNT for the primary outcome was 62. This is pretty darn good in medicine.
But when counseling a single patient, it is not very compelling. You have to expose 62 people to multiple drugs and the risks of over treatment in order to save one life. Those other 61 people, are all exposed with no benefit. This is just the nature of internal medicine. All we can do is give out a handful of pills in order to load the dice in patient’s favor. No guarantees. Just better odds.
But what if I told you I had a way
to reduce that NNT from 62 to 26?
Is that something you might be interested in?
Francis Wilson, is pushing the data. He has dissected the SPRINT database further and can select patients that benefit from the aggressive blood pressure reduction while excluding those that won’t. He calls it an Uplift Model to Personalize Intensive Blood Pressure Control. This system allows him to reduce the NNT from 62 to 26.
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